IQY Technical College

www.iqytechnicalcollege.com

Authorized training centre of Singapore Institute of Engineering Technologists

http://www.siet.org.sg/schools.php

PE (Building Construction)

The resources contain the relevant references for a Professional Engineer working in Building Construction Industry

PEng Reg.pdf (2.45MB)
http://www.filefactory.com/file/61lr4cli60g9/n/PEng_Reg.pdf

Topics in Building Design & Construction Handbook

Contributors xxi

Preface xxiii

Section 1 System Fundamentals Jonathan T. Ricketts 1.1

1.1 Principles of Architecture / 1.1

1.2 Systems Design and Analysis / 1.3

1.3 Traditional Design Procedures / 1.4

1.4 Traditional Construction Procedures / 1.5

1.5 Role of the Client in Design and Construction / 1.8

1.6 Building Costs / 1.8

1.7 Major Building Systems / 1.9

1.8 Value Engineering / 1.22

1.9 Execution of Systems Design / 1.29

1.10 Building Codes / 1.36

1.11 Zoning Codes / 1.38

1.12 Other Regulations / 1.40

1.13 Systems Design by Team / 1.40

1.14 Project Peer Review / 1.41

1.15 Application of Systems Design / 1.41

Section 2 The Building Team-Managing the Building Process

Alan D. Hinklin 2.1

2.1 Professional and Business Requirements of Architectural Engineers / 2.2

2.2 Client Objectives for Buildings / 2.2

2.3 Program Definition / 2.4

2.4 Organization of the Building Team / 2.4

2.5 Client-A/E Agreement / 2.6

2.6 A/E Liability and Insurance / 2.8

2.7 Definition of Project Phases / 2.10

2.8 Scheduling and Personnel Assignments / 2.11

2.9 Accelerated Design and Construction / 2.12

2.10 Design Management / 2.13

2.11 Internal Record Keeping / 2.14

2.12 Codes and Regulations / 2.14

2.13 Permits / 2.15

2.14 Energy Conservation / 2.16

2.15 The Interior Environment / 2.16

2.16 Cost Estimating and Value Engineering / 2.18

2.17 Technical Specifications / 2.18

2.18 Upfront Documents / 2.22

2.19 Quality Control for Architects and Engineers / 2.23

2.20 Bidding and Contract Award / 2.24

2.21 Construction Scheduling / 2.24

2.22 Shop Drawing Review / 2.25

vi CONTENTS

2.23 Role of Architect or Engineer During Construction / 2.26

2.24 Testing and Balancing of Building Systems / 2.29

2.25 Postconstruction Operation and Maintenance / 2.29

2.26 Record Drawings / 2.30

2.27 Follow-Up Interviews / 2.30

2.28 Management of Disputes / 2.30

2.29 Professional Ethics / 2.31

Section 3 Protection against Hazards David W. Mock 3.1

3.1 Risk Management / 3.1

3.2 Wind Protection / 3.3

3.3 Protection against Earthquakes / 3.11

3.4 Protection against Water / 3.15

3.5 Protection against Fire / 3.28

3.6 Lightning Protection / 3.48

3.7 Protection against Intruders / 3.50

Section 4 Building Materials David J. Akers 4.1

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

4.1 Types of Cementitious Materials / 4.1

4.2 Portland Cements / 4.2

4.3 Aluminous Cements / 4.5

4.4 Natural Cements / 4.6

4.5 Limes / 4.6

4.6 Low-Temperature Gypsum Derivatives / 4.8

4.7 Oxychloride Cements / 4.9

4.8 Masonry Cements / 4.9

4.9 Fly Ashes / 4.9

4.10 Silica Fume (Microsilica) / 4.10

AGGREGATES

4.11 Normal-Weight Aggregates / 4.11

4.12 Heavyweight and Lightweight Aggregates / 4.14

ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE

4.13 Chemical and Mineral Admixtures / 4.14

4.14 Fibers for Concrete Mixes / 4.18

4.15 Miscellaneous Admixtures / 4.19

MORTARS AND CONCRETES

4.16 Mortars / 4.19

4.17 Portland-Cement Concrete / 4.21

4.18 Polymer Concretes / 4.26

4.19 Concrete Masonry Units / 4.27

BURNED-CLAY UNITS

4.20 Brick-Clay or Shale / 4.28

4.21 Structural Clay Tile / 4.30

4.22 Ceramic Tiles / 4.32

4.23 Architectural Terra Cotta / 4.32

BUILDING STONES

4.24 Properties of Building Stones / 4.32

4.25 Freezing and Thawing of Stone / 4.35

CONTENTS vii

GYPSUM PRODUCTS

4.26 Gypsumboard / 4.35

4.27 Gypsum Lath / 4.37

4.28 Gypsum Sheathing Board / 4.37

4.29 Gypsum Partition Tile or Block / 4.37

4.30 Gypsum Plank / 4.37

GLASS AND GLASS BLOCK

4.31 Window Glass / 4.38

4.32 Glass Block / 4.40

WOOD

4.33 Mechanical Properties of Wood / 4.44

4.34 Effects of Hygroscopic Properties of Wood / 4.44

4.35 Commercial Grades of Wood / 4.46

4.36 Destroyers and Preservatives / 4.48

4.37 Glues and Adhesives for Wood / 4.50

4.38 Plywood and Other Fabricated Wood Boards / 4.51

4.39 Wood Bibliography / 4.52

STEEL AND STEEL ALLOYS

4.40 Types of Irons and Steels / 4.52

4.41 Properties of Structural Steels / 4.58

4.42 Heat Treatment and Hardening of Steels / 4.61

4.43 Effects of Grain Size / 4.62

4.44 Steel Alloys / 4.62

4.45 Welding Ferrous Materials / 4.68

4.46 Effects of Steel Production Methods / 4.70

4.47 Effects of Hot Rolling / 4.72

4.48 Effects of Punching and Shearing / 4.73

4.49 Corrosion of Iron and Steel / 4.74

4.50 Steel and Steel Alloy Bibliography / 4.75

ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM-BASED ALLOYS

4.51 Aluminum-Alloy Designations / 4.75

4.52 Finishes for Aluminum / 4.76

4.53 Structural Aluminum / 4.76

4.54 Welding and Brazing of Aluminum / 4.77

4.55 Bolted and Riveted Aluminum Connections / 4.79

4.56 Prevention of Corrosion of Aluminum / 4.79

4.57 Aluminum Bibliography / 4.80

COPPER AND COPPER-BASED ALLOYS

4.58 Copper / 4.80

4.59 Brass / 4.81

4.60 Nickel Silvers / 4.82

4.61 Cupronickel / 4.83

4.62 Bronze / 4.83

4.63 Copper Bibliography / 4.84

LEAD AND LEAD-BASED ALLOYS

4.64 Applications of Lead / 4.84

4.65 Lead Bibliography / 4.85

NICKEL AND NICKEL-BASED ALLOYS

4.66 Properties of Nickel and Its Alloys / 4.85

4.67 Nickel Bibliography / 4.86

PLASTICS

4.68 General Properties of Plastics / 4.86

4.69 Fillers and Plasticizers / 4.87

4.70 Molding and Fabricating Methods for Plastics / 4.87

viii CONTENTS

4.71 Thermosetting Plastics / 4.88

4.72 Thermoplastic Resins / 4.90

4.73 Elastomers, or Synthetic Rubbers / 4.92

COMBINATION OF PLASTICS AND OTHER MATERIALS

4.74 High-Pressure Laminates / 4.93

4.75 Reinforced Plastics / 4.93

4.76 Laminated Rubber / 4.94

4.77 Plastics Bibliography / 4.95

PORCELAIN-ENAMELED PRODUCTS

4.78 Porcelain Enamel on Metal / 4.96

4.79 Porcelain Bibliography / 4.96

ASPHALT AND BITUMINOUS PRODUCTS

4.80 Asphalts for Dampproofing and Waterproofing / 4.97

4.81 Bituminous Roofing / 4.97

4.82 Asphalt Shingles / 4.98

4.83 Asphalt Mastics and Grouts / 4.99

4.84 Bituminous Pavements / 4.99

4.85 Asphalt Bibliography / 4.99

JOINT SEALS

4.86 Calking Compounds / 4.100

4.87 Sealants / 4.100

4.88 Gaskets / 4.101

4.89 Joint Seals Bibliography / 4.101

PAINTS AND OTHER COATINGS

4.90 Vehicles or Binders / 4.102

4.91 Pigments for Paints / 4.103

4.92 Resins for Paints / 4.104

4.93 Coatings Bibliography / 4.105

Section 5 Structural Theory Akbar Tamboli, Michael Xing,

and Mohsin Ahmed 5.1

5.1 Design Loads / 5.2

5.2 Stress and Strain / 5.17

5.3 Stresses at a Point / 5.24

5.4 Torsion / 5.28

5.5 Straight Beams / 5.30

5.6 Curved Beams / 5.52

5.7 Buckling of Columns / 5.58

5.8 Graphic-Statics Fundamentals / 5.62

5.9 Roof Trusses / 5.63

5.10 General Tools for Structural Analysis / 5.67

5.11 Continuous Beams and Frames / 5.78

5.12 Load Distribution to Bents and Shear Walls / 5.101

5.13 Finite-Element Methods / 5.110

5.14 Stresses in Arches / 5.115

5.15 Thin-Shell Structures / 5.119

5.16 Cable-Supported Structures / 5.128

5.17 Air-Stabilized Structures / 5.138

5.18 Structural Dynamics / 5.140

5.19 Earthquake Loads / 5.162

5.20 Floor Vibrations / 5.183

5.21 Wiss and Parmelee Rating Factor for Transient Vibrations / 5.185

5.22 Reiher-Meister Scale for Steady-State Vibrations / 5.186

5.23 Murray Criterion for Walking Vibrations / 5.188

CONTENTS ix

Section 6 Soil Mechanics and Foundations Robert W. Day 6.1

6.1 Introduction / 6.1

6.2 Field Exploration / 6.3

6.3 Laboratory Testing / 6.23

6.4 Effective Stress and Stress Distribution / 6.43

6.5 Settlement Analyses / 6.50

6.6 Bearing Capacity Analyses / 6.61

6.7 Retaining Walls / 6.76

6.8 Foundations / 6.88

6.9 Foundation Excavations / 6.96

6.10 Grading and Other Site Improvement Methods / 6.97

6.11 Geosynthetics / 6.115

Section 7 Structural Steel Construction Bruce Glidden 7.1

7.1 Codes and Specifications / 7.2

7.2 Mill Materials / 7.2

7.3 Fasteners / 7.8

7.4 Fabrication / 7.17

7.5 Quality Assurance / 7.17

STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEMS

7.6 Wall Bearing Framing / 7.18

7.7 Skeleton Framing / 7.20

7.8 Long-Span Framing / 7.22

7.9 Steel and Concrete Framing / 7.29

BRACING SYSTEMS

7.10 Bracing Design Considerations / 7.30

7.11 Frame Bracing / 7.31

7.12 Bracing for Individual Members / 7.36

FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS

7.13 Floor-Framing Design Considerations / 7.39

7.14 Roof Framing Systems / 7.44

DESIGN OF MEMBERS

7.15 Bases for ASD and LRFD / 7.44

7.16 Design Aids and References / 7.45

7.17 Serviceability Criteria / 7.47

7.18 Tension Members / 7.49

7.19 Columns and Other Compression Members / 7.50

7.20 Beams and Other Flexural Members / 7.57

7.21 Plate Girders / 7.67

7.22 Web or Flange Load-Bearing Stiffeners / 7.76

7.23 Bearing / 7.79

7.24 Combined Axial Compression and Bending / 7.80

7.25 Combined Axial Tension and Bending / 7.82

7.26 Composite Construction / 7.83

7.27 Members Subject to Torsion / 7.89

7.28 Members Subject to Cyclic Loading / 7.90

DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS

7.29 Combinations of Fasteners / 7.91

7.30 Load Capacity of Bolts / 7.91

7.31 Load Capacity of Welds / 7.93

7.32 Bearing-Type Bolted Connections / 7.96

7.33 Slip-Critical Bolted Connections / 7.100

7.34 Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connections / 7.101

x CONTENTS

7.35 Types of Beam Connections / 7.103

7.36 Beams Splices / 7.113

7.37 Column Splices / 7.114

STEEL ERECTION

7.38 Erection Equipment / 7.117

7.39 Clearance for Erecting Beams / 7.117

7.40 Erection Sequence / 7.119

7.41 Field-Welding Procedures / 7.120

7.42 Erection Tolerances / 7.121

7.43 Adjusting Lintels / 7.123

CORROSION PROTECTION

7.44 Corrosion of Steel / 7.124

7.45 Painting Steel Structures / 7.125

7.46 Paint Systems / 7.125

7.47 Field-Painting Steel / 7.126

7.48 Steel in Contact with Concrete / 7.127

FIRE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

7.49 Effect of Heat on Steel / 7.129

7.50 Fire Protection of Exterior / 7.129

7.51 Materials for Improving Fire Resistance / 7.130

7.52 Pierced Ceilings and Floors / 7.131

7.53 Fire-Resistance Ratings / 7.133

7.54 Bibliography / 7.134

Section 8 Cold-Formed Steel Construction Don S. Wolford

and Wei-Wen Yu 8.1

COLD-FORMED SHAPES

8.1 Material for Cold-Formed Steel Shapes / 8.2

8.2 Utilization of Cold Work of Forming / 8.7

8.3 Types of Cold-Formed Shapes / 8.8

DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR COLD-FORMED STEEL SHAPES

8.4 Some Basic Concepts of Cold-Formed Steel Design / 8.10

8.5 Structural Behavior of Flat Compression Elements / 8.14

8.6 Unstiffened Cold-Formed Elements Subject to Local Buckling / 8.17

8.7 Stiffened Cold-Formed Elements Subject to Local Buckling / 8.17

8.8 Application of Effective Widths / 8.21

8.9 Maximum Flat-Width Ratios of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.22

8.10 Unit Stresses for Cold-Formed Steel / 8.22

8.11 Laterally Unsupported Cold-Formed Beams / 8.22

8.12 Allowable Shear Strength in Webs / 8.23

8.13 Concentrically Loaded Compression Members / 8.23

8.14 Combined Axial and Bending Stresses / 8.25

JOINING OF COLD-FORMED STEEL

8.15 Welding of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.25

8.16 Arc Welding of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.26

8.17 Resistance Welding of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.31

8.18 Bolting of Cold-Formed Steel Members / 8.33

8.19 Self-Tapping Screws for Joining Sheet Steel Components / 8.40

8.20 Special Fasteners for Cold-Formed Steel / 8.41

COLD-FORMED STEEL FLOOR, ROOF, AND WALL CONSTRUCTION

8.21 Steel Roof Deck / 8.42

CONTENTS xi

8.22 Cellular Steel Floor and Roof Panels / 8.47

8.23 Corrugated Sheets for Roofing, Siding, and Decking / 8.50

8.24 Lightweight Steel Metric Sheeting / 8.53

8.25 Stainless Steel Structural Design / 8.54

PREENGINEERED STEEL BUILDINGS

8.26 Characteristics of Preengineered Steel Buildings / 8.55

8.27 Structural Design of Preengineered Buildings / 8.56

OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS

8.28 Design of Open-Web Steel Joists / 8.57

8.29 Construction Details for Open-Web Steel Joists / 8.59

Section 9 Concrete Construction Edward S. Hoffman

and David P. Gustafson 9.1

CONCRETE AND ITS INGREDIENTS

9.1 Cementitious Materials / 9.1

9.2 Cements / 9.2

9.3 Aggregates / 9.2

9.4 Proportioning Concrete Mixes / 9.3

9.5 Yield Calculation / 9.6

9.6 Properties and Tests of Fresh (Plastic) Concrete / 9.7

9.7 Properties and Tests of Hardened Concrete / 9.8

9.8 Measuring and Mixing Concrete Ingredients / 9.10

9.9 Admixtures / 9.11

QUALITY CONTROL

9.10 Mix Design / 9.14

9.11 Check Tests of Materials / 9.17

9.12 At the Mixing Plant-Yield Adjustments / 9.17

9.13 At the Placing Point-Slump Adjustments / 9.18

9.14 Strength Tests / 9.18

9.15 Test Evaluation / 9.21

FORMWORK

9.16 Responsibility for Formwork / 9.22

9.17 Materials and Accessories for Forms / 9.22

9.18 Loads on Formwork / 9.22

9.19 Form Removal and Reshoring / 9.25

9.20 Special Forms / 9.26

9.21 Inspection of Formwork / 9.26

REINFORCEMENT

9.22 Reinforcing Bars / 9.26

9.23 Welded-Wire Fabric (WWF) / 9.28

9.24 Prestressing Steel / 9.29

9.25 Fabrication and Placing of Rebars / 9.29

9.26 Bar Supports / 9.32

9.27 Inspection of Reinforcement / 9.33

CONCRETE PLACEMENT

9.28 Good Practice / 9.34

9.29 Methods of Placing / 9.34

9.30 Excess Water / 9.34

9.31 Consolidation / 9.35

9.32 Concreting Vertical Elements / 9.35

9.33 Concreting Horizontal Elements / 9.36

xii CONTENTS

9.34 Bonding to Hardened Concrete / 9.37

9.35 Heavy-Duty Floor Finishes / 9.37

9.36 Concreting in Cold Weather / 9.38

9.37 Concreting in Hot Weather / 9.38

9.38 Curing Concrete / 9.39

9.39 Joints in Concrete / 9.40

9.40 Inspection of Concrete Placement / 9.41

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

9.41 Analyses of One-Way Floor and Roof Systems / 9.42

9.42 Two-Way Slab Frames / 9.44

9.43 Special Analyses / 9.45

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

9.44 Strength Design with Factored Loads / 9.45

9.45 Allowable-Stress Design at Service Loads (Alternative Design Method) / 9.47

9.46 Strength Design for Flexure / 9.49

9.47 Shear in Flexural Members / 9.53

9.48 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members / 9.55

9.49 Development, Anchorage, and Splices of Reinforcement / 9.58

9.50 Crack Control / 9.70

9.51 Deflection of Reinforced-Concrete Beams and Slabs / 9.71

ONE-WAY REINFORCED-CONCRETE SLABS

9.52 Analysis and Design of One-Way Slabs / 9.75

9.53 Embedded Pipes in One-Way Slabs / 9.77

ONE-WAY CONCRETE-JOIST CONSTRUCTION

9.54 Standard Sizes of Joists / 9.79

9.55 Design of One-Way Concrete-Joist Construction / 9.79

9.56 Reinforcement of Joists for Flexure / 9.80

9.57 Shear in Joists / 9.81

9.58 Wide-Module Joist Construction / 9.82

TWO-WAY SLAB CONSTRUCTION

9.59 Analysis and Design of Flat Plates / 9.84

9.60 Flat Slabs / 9.90

9.61 Two-Way Slabs on Beams / 9.92

9.62 Estimating Guide for Two-Way Construction / 9.93

BEAMS

9.63 Definitions of Flexural Members / 9.94

9.64 Flexural Reinforcement / 9.94

9.65 Reinforcement for Shear and Flexure / 9.98

9.66 Reinforcement for Torsion and Shear / 9.100

9.67 Crack Control in Beams / 9.100

WALLS

9.68 Bearing Walls / 9.101

9.69 Nonbearing Walls / 9.103

9.70 Cantilever Retaining Walls / 9.103

9.71 Counterfort Retaining Walls / 9.105

9.72 Retaining Walls Supported on Four Sides / 9.106

FOUNDATIONS

9.73 Types of Foundations / 9.106

9.74 General Design Principles for Foundations / 9.107

9.75 Spread Footings for Walls / 9.110

9.76 Spread Footings for Individual Columns / 9.111

9.77 Combined Spread Footings / 9.112

9.78 Strap Footings / 9.114

9.79 Mat Foundations / 9.115

CONTENTS xiii

9.80 Pile Foundations / 9.115

9.81 Drilled-Pier Foundations / 9.117

COLUMNS

9.82 Basic Assumptions for Strength Design of Columns / 9.118

9.83 Design Requirements for Columns / 9.122

9.84 Column Ties and Tie Patterns / 9.124

9.85 Biaxial Bending of Columns / 9.124

9.86 Slenderness Effects on Concrete Columns / 9.125

9.87 Economy in Column Design / 9.128

SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION

9.88 Deep Beams / 9.129

9.89 Shear Walls / 9.131

9.90 Reinforced-Concrete Arches / 9.133

9.91 Reinforced-Concete Thin Shells / 9.134

9.92 Concrete Folded Plates / 9.136

9.93 Slabs on Grade / 9.137

9.94 Seismic-Resistant Concrete Construction / 9.138

9.95 Composite Flexural Members / 9.138

PRECAST-CONCRETE MEMBERS

9.96 Design Methods for Precast Members / 9.140

9.97 Reinforcement Cover in Precast Members / 9.140

9.98 Tolerances for Precast Construction / 9.140

9.99 Accelerated Curing / 9.141

9.100 Precast Floor and Roof Systems / 9.141

9.101 Precast Ribbed Slabs, Folded Plates, and Shells / 9.142

9.102 Wall Panels / 9.142

9.103 Lift Slabs / 9.144

PRESTRESSED-CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

9.104 Basic Principles of Prestressed Concrete / 9.144

9.105 Losses in Prestress / 9.145

9.106 Allowable Stresses at Service Loads / 9.147

9.107 Design Procedure for Prestressed-Concrete Beams / 9.149

9.108 Flexural-Strength Design of Prestressed Concrete / 9.149

9.109 Shear-Strength Design of Prestressed Concrete / 9.151

9.110 Bond, Development, and Grouting of Tendons / 9.153

9.111 Application and Measurement of Prestress / 9.155

9.112 Concrete Cover in Prestressed Members / 9.155

Section 10 Wood Construction John ‘‘Buddy’’ Showalter

and Thomas G. Williamson 10.1

10.1 Basic Characteristics of Wood / 10.1

10.2 Sectional Properties of Wood Products / 10.6

10.3 Design Values for Lumber and Timber / 10.10

10.4 Structural Grading of Wood / 10.11

10.5 Adjustment Factors for Structural Members / 10.11

10.6 Pressure-Preservative Treatments for Wood / 10.19

10.7 Design Provisions for Flexural Members / 10.21

10.8 Wood Compression Members / 10.28

10.9 Tension Members / 10.30

10.10 Combined Bending and Axial Loading / 10.30

10.11 Bearing Stresses / 10.32

10.12 Structural Panels / 10.33

10.13 Design Values for Mechanical Connections / 10.51

xiv CONTENTS

10.14 Adjustment of Design Values for Connections / 10.51

10.15 Bolts / 10.59

10.16 Lag Screws / 10.60

10.17 Split-Ring and Shear-Plate Connectors / 10.61

10.18 Wood Screws / 10.63

10.19 Nails and Spikes / 10.65

10.20 Structural Framing Connections / 10.66

10.21 Glued Fastenings / 10.66

10.22 Wood Trusses / 10.68

10.23 Design of Timber Arches / 10.72

10.24 Timber Decking / 10.73

10.25 Wood-Frame Construction / 10.76

10.26 Permanent Wood Foundations / 10.80

10.27 Post Frame and Pole Construction / 10.81

10.28 Design for Fire Safety / 10.83

10.29 Timber Fabrication and Erection / 10.85

10.30 Engineered Glued Wood Products / 10.89

Section 11 Wall, Floor, and Ceiling Systems Frederick S. Merritt 11.1

MASONRY WALLS

11.1 Masonry Definitions / 11.2

11.2 Quality of Materials for Masonry / 11.5

11.3 Construction of Masonry / 11.8

11.4 Lateral Support for Masonry Walls / 11.16

11.5 Chimneys and Fireplaces / 11.18

11.6 Provisions for Dimensional Changes / 11.19

11.7 Repair of Leaky Joints / 11.21

11.8 Masonry-Thickness Requirements / 11.22

11.9 Determination of Masonry Compressive Strength / 11.24

11.10 Allowable Stresses in Masonry / 11.25

11.11 Floor-Wall Connections / 11.31

11.12 Glass Block / 11.33

11.13 Masonry Bibliography / 11.34

STUD WALLS

11.14 Stud-Wall Construction / 11.35

11.15 Sheathing / 11.37

CURTAIN WALLS

11.16 Functional Requirements of Curtain Walls / 11.37

11.17 Wood Facades / 11.38

11.18 Wall Shingles and Siding / 11.39

11.19 Stucco / 11.39

11.20 Precast-Concrete or Metal and Glass Facings / 11.40

11.21 Sandwich Panels / 11.41

PARTITIONS

11.22 Types of Partitions / 11.43

11.23 Structural Requirements of Partitions / 11.44

PLASTER AND GYPSUMBOARD

11.24 Plaster and Gypsumboard Construction Terms / 11.45

11.25 Plaster Finishes / 11.53

11.26 Gypsumboard Finishes / 11.62

11.27 Isolation and Control Joints in Gypsumboard Construction / 11.70

CONTENTS xv

CERAMIC-TILE CONSTRUCTION

11.28 Types of Ceramic Tile / 11.72

11.29 Tile Installation Methods / 11.73

PANEL FINISHES

11.30 Plywood Finishes / 11.77

11.31 Other Types of Panel Finishes / 11.78

FLOOR SYSTEMS

11.32 Asphalt Tiles / 11.78

11.33 Cork Tiles / 11.79

11.34 Vinyl Flooring / 11.79

11.35 Rubber Flooring / 11.80

11.36 Installation of Thin Coverings / 11.80

11.37 Carpets / 11.82

11.38 Terrazzo / 11.83

11.39 Concrete Floors / 11.84

11.40 Wood Floors / 11.84

11.41 Industrial Floors / 11.85

11.42 Conductive Flooring / 11.86

11.43 Specifications and Standards for Flooring / 11.86

WINDOWS

11.44 Window Selection / 11.87

11.45 Window Definitions / 11.87

11.46 Modular Coordination of Windows / 11.89

11.47 Window Sash Materials / 11.89

11.48 Glazing / 11.93

11.49 Window Types / 11.98

11.50 Windows in Wall-Panel Construction / 11.106

11.51 Mechanical Operators for Windows / 11.107

DOORS

11.52 Traffic Flow and Safety / 11.109

11.53 Structural Requirements for Openings and Doors / 11.110

11.54 Ordinary Doors / 11.110

11.55 Fire and Smokestop Doors / 11.118

11.56 Revolving Doors / 11.120

11.57 Large Horizontally Sliding Doors / 11.120

11.58 Large Vertically Sliding Doors / 11.121

11.59 Large Swinging Doors / 11.122

11.60 Horizontally Hinged Doors / 11.123

11.61 Radiation-Shielding Doors / 11.123

BUILDERS’ HARDWARE

11.62 Selection of Hardware / 11.124

11.63 Effects of Codes and Regulations on Hardware / 11.125

11.64 Standards for Finishing Hardware / 11.125

11.65 Hinges and Butts / 11.126

11.66 Door-Closing Devices / 11.131

11.67 Locks, Latches, and Keys / 11.132

11.68 Window Hardware / 11.136

11.69 Inserts, Anchors, and Hangers / 11.137

11.70 Nails / 11.138

11.71 Screws / 11.139

11.72 Welded Studs / 11.141

11.73 Powder-Driven Studs / 11.143

11.74 Bolts / 11.144

xvi CONTENTS

ACOUSTICS

11.75 Sound Production and Transmission / 11.145

11.76 Nomenclature for Analysis of Sound / 11.145

11.77 Sound Characteristics and Effects on Hearing / 11.146

11.78 Measurement of Sound / 11.149

11.79 Sound and Vibration Control / 11.151

11.80 Acoustical Performance Data / 11.162

11.81 Acoustical Criteria / 11.164

11.82 Helpful Hints for Noise Control / 11.166

11.83 Acoustics Bibliography / 11.169

Section 12 Roof Systems Dave Flickinger 12.1

ROOF MATERIALS

12.1 Roof Decks / 12.1

12.2 Vapor Retarders / 12.2

12.3 Roof Insulation / 12.4

12.4 Low-Slope Roof Coverings / 12.5

12.5 Steep-Slope Roof Coverings / 12.13

12.6 Need for Familiarity with Roof Design / 12.17

12.7 Building Owners’ Responsibility / 12.18

12.8 Building-Code Provisions for Roofs / 12.18

12.9 Effects of Climate / 12.18

12.10 Effects of Roof Size, Shape, and Slope / 12.19

12.11 Deck Suitability / 12.20

12.12 Effects of Rooftop Traffic / 12.20

12.13 Esthetic Considerations / 12.20

12.14 Effects of Wind on Roofs / 12.21

12.15 Protected Membrane Roofs and Plaza Decks / 12.21

12.16 Preroofing Conference / 12.21

12.17 Warranties / 12.22

12.18 Roof Maintenance / 12.22

12.19 Reroofing / 12.23

12.20 Roofing Industry Associations and Related Organizations / 12.24

12.21 Roof Systems Bibliography / 12.28

Section 13 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

Lawrence E. McCabe 13.1

13.1 Definitions of Terms of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) / 13.1

13.2 Heat and Humidity / 13.7

13.3 Major Factors in HVAC Design / 13.16

13.4 Ventilation / 13.27

13.5 Movement of Air with Fans / 13.31

13.6 Duct Design / 13.14

13.7 Heat Losses / 13.35

13.8 Heat Gains / 13.37

METHODS OF HEATING BUILDINGS

13.9 General Procedure for Sizing a Heating Plant / 13.41

13.10 Heating-Load-Calculation Example / 13.43

13.11 Warm-Air Heating / 13.45

13.12 Hot-Water Heating Systems / 13.49

13.13 Steam-Heating Systems / 13.53

CONTENTS xvii

13.14 Unit Heaters / 13.56

13.15 Radiant Heating / 13.57

13.16 Snow Melting / 13.59

13.17 Radiators and Convectors / 13.60

13.18 Heat Pumps / 13.62

13.19 Solar Heating / 13.62

METHODS OF COOLING AND AIR CONDITIONING

13.20 Sizing an Air-Conditioning Plant / 13.65

13.21 Refrigeration Cycles / 13.69

13.22 Air-Distribution Temperature for Cooling / 13.71

13.23 Condensers / 13.72

13.24 Compressor-Motor Units / 13.73

13.25 Cooling Equipment-Central Plant Packaged Units / 13.74

13.26 Zoning / 13.76

13.27 Packaged Air-Conditioning Units / 13.76

13.28 Absorption Units for Cooling / 13.78

13.29 Ducts for Air Conditioning / 13.79

13.30 Built-Up Air-Conditioning Units / 13.82

13.31 Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems / 13.82

13.32 Air-Water Systems / 13.85

13.33 Control Systems for Air Conditioning / 13.33

13.34 Heating and Air Conditioning / 13.89

13.35 Control of Computerized HVAC Systems / 13.90

13.36 Direct Digital Control / 13.92

13.37 Industrial Air Conditioning / 13.93

13.38 Chemical Cooling / 13.94

13.39 Year-Round Air Conditioning / 13.94

Section 14 Plumbing—Water-Supply, Sprinkler, and

Wastewater Systems Gregory P. Gladfelter and Brian L. Olsen 14.1

14.1 Plumbing and Fire Prevention Codes / 14.1

14.2 Health Requirements for Plumbing / 14.2

14.3 Water Quality / 14.3

14.4 Water Treatment / 14.5

14.5 Water Quantity and Pressures / 14.6

14.6 Water Distribution in Buildings / 14.7

14.7 Plumbing Fixtures and Equipment / 14.13

14.8 Water Demand and Fixture Units / 14.19

14.9 Water-Pipe Sizing / 14.21

14.10 Domestic Water Heaters / 14.29

WASTEWATER PIPING

14.11 Wastewater Disposal / 14.31

14.12 Sewers / 14.34

14.13 Wastewater-System Elements / 14.36

14.14 Waste-Pipe Materials / 14.38

14.15 Layout of Waste Piping / 14.38

14.16 Interceptors / 14.39

14.17 Piping for Indirect Wastes / 14.39

14.18 Rainwater Drainage / 14.40

14.19 Waste-Pipe Sizing / 14.43

14.20 Venting / 14.45

14.21 Plumbing-System Inspection and Tests / 14.48

xviii CONTENTS

GAS PIPING

14.22 Gas Supply / 14.49

14.23 Gas-Pipe Sizes / 14.50

14.24 Estimating Gas Consumption / 14.50

14.25 Gas-Pipe Materials / 14.51

SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

14.26 Sprinkler Systems / 14.52

14.27 Automatic Sprinklers / 14.53

14.28 Types of Sprinkler Systems / 14.54

14.29 System Design / 14.59

14.30 Standpipes / 14.63

14.31 Water Supplies for Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems / 14.64

14.32 Central Station Supervisory Systems / 14.65

14.33 Additional Information / 14.65

Section 15 Electrical Systems James M. Bannon 15.1

15.1 Electrical Power / 15.2

15.2 Direct-Current Systems / 15.2

15.3 Alternating-Current Systems / 15.5

15.4 Electrical Loads / 15.12

15.5 Emergency Power / 15.14

15.6 Electrical Conductors and Raceways / 15.15

15.7 Power System Apparatus / 15.20

15.8 Electrical Distribution in Buildings / 15.29

15.9 Circuit and Conductor Calculations / 15.34

15.10 Light and Sight / 15.45

15.11 Quality of Light / 15.51

15.12 Color Rendering with Lighting / 15.54

15.13 Quantity of Light / 15.55

15.14 Lighting Methods / 15.58

15.15 Daylight / 15.60

15.16 Characteristics of Lamps / 15.60

15.17 Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures / 15.68

15.18 Systems Design of Lighting / 15.72

15.19 Special Electrical Systems / 15.73

15.20 Electrical Systems Bibliography / 15.77

Section 16 Vertical Circulation Steven D. Edgett

and Allen M. Williams 16.1

16.1 Classification of Vertical Circulation Systems / 16.1

16.2 Ramps / 16.2

16.3 Stairs / 16.5

16.4 Escalators / 16.11

16.5 Elevator Installations / 16.18

16.6 Definitions of Elevator Terms / 16.19

16.7 Elevator Hoistways / 16.22

16.8 Elevator Cars / 16.26

16.9 Electric Elevators / 16.28

16.10 Hydraulic Elevators / 16.35

16.11 Planning for Passenger Elevators / 16.37

16.12 Dumbwaiters / 16.45

16.13 Conveyers and Pneumatic Tubes / 16.45

16.14 Mail Chutes / 16.47

CONTENTS xix

Section 17 Construction Project Management Robert F. Borg 17.1

17.1 Types of Construction Companies / 17.1

17.2 Construction Company Organization / 17.3

17.3 Contractors’ Business Consultants / 17.6

17.4 Sources of Business / 17.7

17.5 What Constitutes the Contract Documents? / 17.9

17.6 Major Concerns with Building Codes / 17.11

17.7 Estimating, Bidding, and Costs / 17.11

17.8 Types of Bids and Contracts / 17.12

17.9 Professional Construction Managers / 17.15

17.10 Contract Administration / 17.16

17.11 Purchase Orders / 17.28

17.12 Scheduling and Expediting / 17.30

17.13 Fast Tracking / 17.34

17.14 Changes, Claims, and Dispute Resolution / 17.36

17.15 Insurance / 17.42

17.16 Construction Contract Bonds / 17.52

17.17 Trade Payment Breakdowns and Payments / 17.54

17.18 Cost Records / 17.56

17.19 Accounting Methods / 17.61

17.20 Safety / 17.62

17.21 Community Relations / 17.63

17.22 Relations with Public Agencies in Executing Construction Operations / 17.64

17.23 Labor Relations / 17.65

17.24 Social and Environmental Concerns in Construction / 17.67

17.25 Systems Building / 17.69

17.26 Basics of Successful Management / 17.70

Section 18 Communications Systems Tom Nevling 18.1

18.1 Glossary / 18.1

18.2 Grounding / 18.8

18.3 Communications Room and Communications Closet Layout / 18.10

18.4 Wiring Diagrams / 18.11

18.5 Fiberoptic Cable / 18.13

18.6 Fiberoptic Connectors / 18.16

18.7 Horizontal Cabling / 18.17

18.8 Budget / 18.20

18.9 Links / 18.26

Section 19 Construction Cost Estimating Colman J. Mullin 19.1

19.1 Composition of Project Price / 19.1

19.2 Estimating Direct Costs / 19.2

19.3 Estimating Contingency Costs / 19.7

19.4 Estimating Margin (Markup) / 19.8

19.5 Sample Estimate / 19.9

19.6 Reviewing Estimates / 19.14

19.7 Computer Estimating / 19.14

Appendix Factors for Conversion to

Topics in Construction Methods & Management

http://www.highlightcomputer.com/PE-Building Construction.pdf

Topics in Construction Planning Equipments & Methods

CHAPTER 1

Machines Make It Possible 1

The History of Construction Equipment

Being Competitive 8

The Construction Industry 9

Safety 10

The Contracting Environment 11

Planning Equipment Utilization 12

.... Summary 14

,Problems 14

. , References 15

Website Resources 15

CH,APTER 2

Fundamental Concepts

of.Equipment Economics 17

I~eortant Questions 17

Eql!ipment Records 18 The Rent Paid for the Use of Money 19

Cost of Capital 25

Evaluating Investment Alternatives 26

EI~'ments of Ownership Cost 28

Elements of Operating Cost 34

Cost for Bidding 39

Replacement Decisions 47

Rent and Lease Considerations 48

Summary 52

Problems 53

References 58

Website Resources 58

CHAPTER 3

Planning for Earthwork

Construction 60

pianning 60

Graphical Presentation of Earthwork 64

Earthwork Quantities 67

Mass Diagram. 75

Using the Mass Diagram 77

Pricing Earthwork Operations 84

Summary 86

Problems 86

References 89

Website Resources 89

CHAPTER 4

Soil and Rock 90

Introduction 90

Glossary of Terms 91

Soil and Rock Properties 91

COMPACTION SPECIFICATION

AND CONTROL 101

Introduction 101

Compaction Tests 102

Soil Processing 106

Summary III

Problems 112

References J J 3

Website Resources 114

CHAPTER 5

Compaction and Stabilization

Equipment 115

Compaction of Soil and Rock 115

Glossary ofTerms 116

Types of Compacting Equipment 116

Roller Production Estimating 128

Dynamic Compaction 129

SOIL STA!lILIZATION 131

General Information 131

Stabilizing Soils with Lime 133

Cement-Soil Stabilization 134

Summary 138

Problems 138

References 139

Website Resources 139

CHAPTER 6

Machine Equipment Power

Requirements 140

General Information 140

Required Power 141

Available Power 148

Usable Power 155

Performance Charts 158

Summary 165

Problems 165

References 169

Website Resources 169

CHAPTER 7

Dozers 171

Introduction 171

Performance Characteristics of Dozers 172

PUSHING MATERIAL 178

General Information 178

Blades 178

Project Employment 182

Dozer Production Estimating 185

Dozer Production Estimating Format 191

Dozer Safety 195

LAND CLEARING 196

Land-Clearing Operations 196

Types of Equipment Used 196

Land-Clearing Production Estimating J 99

RIPPING ROCK 204

Rippers 204

Determining the Rippability of Rock 205

Determining the Thickness and Strength

of Rock Layers 207

Contents

Ripper Attachments 209

Ripper Production Estimates 211

Summary 213

Problems 214

References 220

Website Resources 220

CHAPTER 8

Scrapers 222

General Information 222

Scraper Types 223

Scraper Operation 228

Scraper Performance Charts 229

Scraper Production Cycle 232

Scraper Production Estimating Format 233

Operational Considerations 247

Scraper Safety 249

Summary 250

Problems 250

References 252

Website Resources 252

CHAPTER 9

Excavators 253g~

Hydraulic Excavators 253

Hydraulic Excavator Accidents 255

FRONT SHOVELS 257

General Information 257 .'

Selecting a Front Shovel 258

Calculating Shovel Production 260

Height of Cut Effect on Shovel Production

Angle of Swing Effect

on Shovel Production 262

HOES 264

General Information 264

• Bucket Rating for Hydraulic Hoes 267

Selecting a Hoe 268

Calculating Hoe Production 271

LOADERS 274

General Information 274

Loader Buckets/Attachments 275

Operating Specifications 277

Loader Production Rates 279

vii

... , I

261

Calculating Wheel Loader Production 281

Calculating Track Loader Production 282

Loader Safety 284

SI'ECIALTVExCAVATORS 284

Trenching Machines 284

Selecting Equipment for Excavating

Trenches 287

Trenching Machine Production 287

Trench Safety 288

Backhoe-Loader~, 289

Holland Loaders 290

Vac Excavators 290

Summary 291

Problems 292

References 294

Website Resources 295

CHAPTER 10

Trucks and Hauling

Equipment 296

Trucks 296

Rigid-Frame Rear-Dump Trucks 298

Articulated Rear-Dump Trucks 298

Tractors with Bottom-Dump Trailers 300

Capacities of Trucks and Hauling

Equipment 301

Truck Size Affects Productivity 303

Calculating Truck Production 305

Production Issues 309

Tires 310

Truck Performance Calculations 312

Truck Safety 317

Summary 317

,Problems 318

References 319

Website Resources 319

CHAPTER 111

Finishing Equipment 320

Introduction :\20

GRADERS 320

General Information 320

Grader Operations 324

Time Estimates 328

Fine Grading Production 329

Grader Safety 329

GRADALLS 330

General Information 330

Safety 332

TRIMMERS 332

General Information 332

Operation 332

Production 334

Summary 334

Problems 334

References 335

Website Resources 336

CHAPTER 12

Drilling Rock and Earth 337

Introduction 337

Glossary of Drilling Terms 338

Drill Bits 341

Rock Drills 342

Drilling Methods and Production 346

Estimating Drilling Production 350

GPS and Computer Monitoring Systems 358

Drilling Soil 359

Removal of Cuttings 361

Trenchless Technology 362

Safety 367

Summary 368

Problems 368

References 370

Website Resources 371

CHAPTER 13

Blasting Rock 372

Blasting 372

Glossary of Blasting Terms 374

Commercial Explosives 375

Primers and Boosters 379

Initiating Systems 380

Rock Fragmentation 382

Blast Design 383

Powder Factor 395

Trench Rock 397

Breakage Control Techniques 397

Vibration 400

Safety 401

Summary 403

Problems 403

References 405

Website Resources 406

CHAPTER 14

Aggregate Production 407

Introduction 407

PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION 409

General Information 409

Jaw Crushers 410

Gyratory Crushers 415

Roll Crushers 419

Impact Crushers 424

Special Aggregate Processing Units 425

Feeders 426

Surge Piles 427

Crushing Equipment Selection 428

SEPARATION INTO PARTICLE SIZE RANGES 431

Scalping Crushed Stone 431

Screening Aggregate 432

OTHER AGGREGATE PROCESSING ISSUES 437

Log Washers 437

Segregation 438

Safety 438

Summary 439

Problems 439

References 441

Website Resources 442

CHAPTER 15

Asphalt Mix Production

and Placement 443

Introduction 443

Glossary of Asphalt Terms 444

Structure of Asphalt Pavements 446

Flexible Pavements 447

Asphalt Concrete 453

ASPHALT PLANTS 454

Contents

General Information 454

Batch Plants 455

Drum Mix Plants 460

Dust Collectors 462

Asphalt Storage and Heating 463

Reclaiming and Recycling 464

PAVING EQUIPMENT 465

SweeperlBroom 466

Haul Trucks 466

Asphalt Distributors 467

Asphalt Pavers 468

Compaction Equipment 474

Safety 479

Summary 479

Problems 480

References 481

Website Resources 482

CHAPTER 16

Concrete and Concrete

Equipment 483

Introduction 483

CONCRETE MIXTURES. 485

Proportioning Concrete Mixtures 485

Fresh Concrete 485

Batching Concrete Materials 486

MIXING CONCRETE 490

Concrete Mixing Techniques 490

Ready-Mixed Concrete 496

Central-Mixed Concrete 500

PLACING CONCRETE 502

Buckets 502

Manual or Motor-Propelled Buggies 504

Chutes and Drop Pipes 504

Belt Conveyors 504

Concrete Pumps 505

CONSOLIDATING AND FINISHING 514

Consolidating Concrete 514

Finishing and Curing Concrete 517

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS 519

Slipform Paving 519

ADDITIONAL ApPLICATIONS

AND CONSIDERA nONS 523

Roller-Compacted Concrete 523

Shotcreting 524

Fly Ash 525

Placing Concrete in Cold Weather 526

Placing Concrete in Hot Weather 527

SAFETY 527

Pumping Concrete 527

Summary 528

Problems 528

References 530

Website Resources 53]

CHAPTER 17

Cranes 533

Major Crane Types 533

MOBIL CRANES 535

Crawler Cranes 535

Telescoping-Boom Truck-Mounted Cranes 538

Lattice-Boom Truck-Mounted Cranes 539

Rough-Terrain Cranes 540

All-Terrain Cranes 541

Modified Cranes for Heavy Lifting 542

Crane Booms 544

Lifting Capacities of Cranes 544

_ Rated Loads for Lattice- and Telescopic-

Boom Cranes 545

Working Ranges of Cranes 548

TOWER CRANES 550

Classification 550

Operation 554

Tower Crane Selection 562

Rated Loads for Tower Cranes 563

RIGGING 567

Rigging Basics 567

Slings 570

SAFETY 572

Crane Accidents 572

Safely Plans and Programs 574

Zones of Responsibility 575

Summary 576

Problems 577

References 578

Website Resources 578

CHAPTER 18

Draglines and Clamshells 580

Introduction 580

DRAGLINES 581

General Information 581

Description of a Dragline 582

Dragline Production 585

Calculating Dragline Production 588

Factors Affecting Dragline Production 589

CLAMSHELL EXCAVATORS 593

General Information 593

Clamshell Buckets 594

Production Rates for Clamshells 595

Safety 597

Summary 598

Problems 598

References 599

Website Resources 599

CHAPTER 19

Piles and, Pile-Driving

Equipment 600

Introduction 600

Glossary of Terms 600

PILE TYPES 602

Classifications of Piles 602

Timber Piles 603

. Concrete Piles 604

Steel Piles 610

Composite Piles 611

Sheet Piles 612

DRIVING PILES 618

The Resistance of Piles to Penetration 618

Site Investigation and Test Pile Program 618

Pile Hammers 620

Supporting and Positioning Piles

during Driving 630

Jetting Piles 632

Spudding and Preaugering 633

Hammer Selection 633

Pile-Driving Safety 636

Summary 637

Problems 638

Re:1ierences 638

Website Resources 638

CHAPTER 20

Air Compressors !-lnd Pumps 639

Support Equipment 639

COMPRESSED AIR 640

Introduction 640

Glossary of Gas Law Terms 641

Gas Laws 642

Glossary of Air Compressor Terms 644

Air Compressors 644

Compressed-Air Distribution System 646

Diversity Factor 652

Safety 653

EQUIPMENT FOR PUMPING WATER 655

Introduction 655

Glossary of Pumping Terms 656

Classification of Pumps 657

Centrifugal Pumps 658

Loss of Head Due to Friction in Pipe 664

Rubber Hose 665

Selecting a Pump 665

WeJlpoint Systems 668

Deep Wells 670

Summary 670

Problems 671

References 674

Website Resources 674

CHAPTER 21

Planning for Building

Construction 675

Introduction 675

Site Layout 677

Lifting and Support Equipment 683

Delivery of Structural Components 686

Steel Erection 688

Tilt-Up Construction 689

CONTROL OF CONSTRUCTION NUISANCES 692

Construction Noise 692

Noise Mitigation 694

Lighting 697

Dust 698

Vibration 698

Contents

Summary 699

Problems 700

References 701

Website Resources 702

CHAPTER 22

Forming Systems 703

Classification 703

Formwork and the Project Engineer 705

Formwork Design 707

Formwork Economics 711

Vertical Systems 718

Horizontal Systems 721·

Combined Vertical and it9rizontal

Systems 733:;"

Shoring Towers 738

Safety 745

Summary 747

Problems 748

References 749

Website Resources

APPENDIX A

Alphabetical List of Units

with Their SI Names and

Conversion Factors 751

APPENDIX B

Selected English-to-SI Conversio

Factors 753

APPENDIX C

Selected U.S. Customary (Englis

Unit Equivalents 754

APPENDIX D

Selected Metric Unit

Equivalents 755

Index 756